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What Animals Are In Biohazard Level 3

Written By Wednesday 11 May 2022 Add Comment Edit

Level of the biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents

Essential features of a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory[ane]

A biosafety level (BSL), or pathogen/protection level, is a set of biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the everyman biosafety level ane (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified these levels.[2] In the European Union, the same biosafety levels are defined in a directive.[three] In Canada the 4 levels are known equally Containment Levels.[4] Facilities with these designations are likewise sometimes given as P1 through P4 (for pathogen or protection level), equally in the term P3 laboratory.[five]

At the lowest level of biosafety, precautions may consist of regular manus-washing and minimal protective equipment. At college biosafety levels, precautions may include airflow systems, multiple containment rooms, sealed containers, positive pressure personnel suits, established protocols for all procedures, extensive personnel training, and high levels of security to control admission to the facility. Health Canada reports that earth-wide until 1999 there were recorded over 5,000 cases of accidental laboratory infections and 190 deaths.[6]

History [edit]

The first epitome Grade III (maximum containment) biosafety chiffonier was fashioned in 1943 by Hubert Kaempf Jr., and so a U.S. Army soldier, under the direction of Arnold Chiliad. Wedum, Manager (1944–69) of Industrial Wellness and Rubber at the United states Regular army Biological Warfare Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Maryland. Kaempf was tired of his MP duties at Detrick and was able to transfer to the sail metallic section working with the contractor, the H.K. Ferguson Co.[7]

On 18 April 1955, fourteen representatives met at Camp Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. The meeting was to share knowledge and experiences regarding biosafety, chemical, radiological, and industrial safety issues that were common to the operations at the three principal biological warfare (BW) laboratories of the U.South. Ground forces.[8] Considering of the potential implication of the piece of work conducted at biological warfare laboratories, the conferences were restricted to acme level security clearances. Showtime in 1957, these conferences were planned to include non-classified sessions as well as classified sessions to enable broader sharing of biological safety data. It was non until 1964, however, that conferences were held in a government installation non associated with a biological warfare program.[9]

Over the next 10 years, the biological safety conferences grew to include representatives from all federal agencies that sponsored or conducted research with pathogenic microorganisms. Past 1966, it began to include representatives from universities, private laboratories, hospitals, and industrial complexes. Throughout the 1970s, participation in the conferences connected to expand and by 1983 discussions began regarding the creation of a formal arrangement.[9] The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) was officially established in 1984 and a constitution and bylaws were drafted the aforementioned year. As of 2008, ABSA includes some 1,600 members in its professional association.[ix]

In 1977, Jim Peacock of the Australian Academy of Science asked Pecker Snowdon, then chief of the CSIRO's Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) if he could accept the newly released United States' National Institutes of Wellness and the British equivalent requirements for the evolution of infrastructure for bio-containment reviewed by AAHL personnel with a view to recommending the adoption of one of them by Australian regime. The review was carried out past CSIRO AAHL Projection Director Bill Curnow and CSIRO Engineer Arthur Jenkins. They drafted outcomes for each of the levels of security. AAHL was notionally classified equally "substantially beyond P4". These were adopted by the Australian University of Scientific discipline and became the basis for Australian legislation. Information technology opened in 1985 costing $185 million, built on Corio Oval.[10] The Australian Animal Health Laboratory is a Class 4/ P4 Laboratory.

Levels [edit]

Biosafety level 1 [edit]

Biosafety level i (BSL-i) is suitable for work with well-characterized agents which do not cause disease in healthy humans. In general, these agents should pose minimal potential run a risk to laboratory personnel and the environment.[xi] At this level, precautions are limited relative to other levels. Laboratory personnel must wash their easily upon entering and exiting the lab. Inquiry with these agents may be performed on standard open laboratory benches without the use of special containment equipment. However, eating and drinking are generally prohibited in laboratory areas.[11] Potentially infectious material must exist decontaminated before disposal, either past adding a chemical such as bleach or isopropanol or by packaging for decontamination elsewhere.[11] Personal protective equipment is only required for circumstances where personnel might be exposed to hazardous fabric.[11] BSL-1 laboratories must have a door which can be locked to limit admission to the lab. Still, it is not necessary for BSL-1 labs to be isolated from the general building.[12]

This level of biosafety is appropriate for work with several kinds of microorganisms including non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other organisms not suspected to contribute to human being disease.[13] Due to the relative ease and safety of maintaining a BSL-one laboratory, these are the types of laboratories by and large used equally teaching spaces for loftier schools and colleges.[12]

Biosafety level 2 [edit]

At this level, all precautions used at Biosafety Level one are followed, and some additional precautions are taken. BSL-2 differs from BSL-one in that:

  • Laboratory personnel have specific grooming in treatment pathogenic agents and are directed by scientists with avant-garde training.
  • Admission to the laboratory is limited when work is being conducted.
  • Extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items.
  • Sure procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment.[11]

Biosafety level 2 is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential risk to personnel and the surround.[12] This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via droplets in a lab setting.[14] Examples include hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Plasmodium falciparum, and Toxoplasma gondii.[14] [xv] Prions, the infectious agents that transmit prion diseases such as vCJD, may be handled under Biosafety Level 2 or college.[16]

Biosafety level 3 [edit]

Biosafety level 3 is appropriate for piece of work involving microbes which tin can cause serious and potentially lethal illness via the inhalation route.[11] This type of work can exist done in clinical, diagnostic, teaching, enquiry, or production facilities.[12] Here, the precautions undertaken in BSL-1 and BSL-2 labs are followed, as well as additional measures including:

  • All laboratory personnel are provided medical surveillance and offered relevant immunizations (where available) to reduce the take chances of an accidental or unnoticed infection.[11]
  • All procedures involving infectious material must be washed within a biological safety cabinet.[xi]
  • Laboratory personnel must wear solid-forepart protective clothing (i.due east. gowns that necktie in the back). This cannot be worn outside of the laboratory and must exist discarded or decontaminated after each employ.[11]
  • A laboratory-specific biosafety manual must be drafted which details how the laboratory will operate in compliance with all safety requirements.[xi]

In improver, the facility which houses the BSL-3 laboratory must have certain features to ensure appropriate containment. The entrance to the laboratory must be separated from areas of the building with unrestricted traffic flow.[11] Additionally, the laboratory must be behind two sets of cocky-endmost doors (to reduce the take chances of aerosols escaping).[12] The construction of the laboratory is such that it tin exist easily cleaned. Carpets are non permitted, and any seams in the floors, walls, and ceilings are sealed to allow for piece of cake cleaning and decontamination.[eleven] Additionally, windows must be sealed, and a ventilation organization installed which forces air to flow from the "clean" areas of the lab to the areas where infectious agents are handled.[11] Air from the laboratory must exist filtered before it tin be recirculated.[eleven]

A 2015 study by United states Today journalists identified more than 200 lab sites in the U.S. that were accredited biosafety levels 3 or four.[17] The Proceedings of a Workshop on "Developing Norms for the Provision of Biological Laboratories in Low-Resource Contexts" provides a list of BSL-iii laboratories in those countries.[eighteen]

Biosafety level 3 is ordinarily used for research and diagnostic piece of work involving various microbes which can be transmitted past aerosols and/or cause severe disease. These include Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia psittaci, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, Coxiella burnetii, Rift Valley fever virus, Rickettsia rickettsii, several species of Brucella, chikungunya, yellow fever virus, W Nile virus, Yersinia pestis,[15] and SARS-CoV-2.[19]

Biosafety level 4 [edit]

CDC technician dons an older-model positive-pressure arrange before entering 1 of the CDC's earlier BSL-4 labs.

Biosafety level four (BSL-four) is the highest level of biosafety precautions, and is appropriate for work with agents that could easily be aerosol-transmitted inside the laboratory and cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which in that location are no available vaccines or treatments. BSL-4 laboratories are generally gear up to be either chiffonier laboratories or protective-suit laboratories. In chiffonier laboratories, all work must be done within a class III biosafety cabinet. Materials leaving the cabinet must exist decontaminated by passing through an autoclave or a tank of disinfectant. The cabinets themselves are required to take seamless edges to allow for easy cleaning. Additionally, the cabinet and all materials within must be costless of precipitous edges in gild to reduce the risk of damage to the gloves. In a protective-conform laboratory, all work must be done in a grade II biosafety cabinet by personnel wearing a positive force per unit area suit. In gild to get out the BSL-4 laboratory, personnel must pass through a chemical shower for decontamination, and so a room for removing the positive-pressure arrange, followed by a personal shower. Entry into the BSL-4 laboratory is restricted to trained and authorized individuals, and all persons entering and exiting the laboratory must exist recorded.[xi]

Equally with BSL-3 laboratories, BSL-4 laboratories must be separated from areas that receive unrestricted traffic. Additionally airflow is tightly controlled to ensure that air always flows from "clean" areas of the lab to areas where piece of work with infectious agents is beingness performed. The entrance to the BSL-4 lab must too employ airlocks to minimize the possibility that aerosols from the lab could be removed from the lab. All laboratory waste product, including filtered air, water, and trash must also exist decontaminated before it can leave the facility.[xi]

Biosafety level 4 laboratories are used for diagnostic piece of work and inquiry on easily transmitted pathogens which tin can crusade fatal disease. These include a number of viruses known to cause viral hemorrhagic fever such every bit Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Other pathogens handled at BSL-four include Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and some flaviviruses. Additionally, poorly characterized pathogens which appear closely related to dangerous pathogens are often handled at this level until sufficient data are obtained either to confirm continued work at this level, or to permit working with them at a lower level.[xv] This level is also used for work with Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, though this work is only performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Us, and the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Koltsovo, Russia.[twenty]

  • Regular inspection of positive-pressure suits to locate any leaks[21]

  • SPECT machine at BSL-4 imaging facility that separates subjects with pathogens from the machines.[ane]

  • The circular containment tube separates the patient table in the "hot" zone (pathogen present) from the "cold" zone around this MRI machine.

  • Air pressure level resistant (APR) door to separate the hot and cold zones

  • Working inside a BSL-iv lab with air hoses providing positive air pressure.

  • Inside a Class 3 biological condom chiffonier with an aerosol command platform

[edit]

Sample-return missions that bring back to Globe samples obtained from a Category V body must be curated at facilities rated BSL-4. Considering the existing BSL-iv facilities in the world practice not provide the level of cleanliness necessary to such pristine samples,[22] there is a need to design a state-of-the-art facility defended to curation of restricted (potentially biohazardous) extraterrestrial materials. The systems of such facilities must be able to contain unknown biohazards, as the sizes of whatever putative alien microorganisms are unknown. Ideally, information technology should filter particles down to ten nanometers, and release of a particle 50 nanometers or larger is unacceptable under any circumstance.[23] There has been a number of studies designing to various levels of details such a facility, but so far, there is no clear plans to build a facility in the Usa, in Europe, or elsewhere in the globe.

Considering NASA and ESA are collaborating on the Mars Sample Return campaign, due to return samples from Mars in the early 2030s, the need for a Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) is condign more pressing. An SRF is expected to take 7 to 10 years from design to completion,[24] [25] and an additional two years is recommended for the staff to become proficient and accustomed to the facilities.[24]

List of BSL-3 facilities [edit]

State Location Proper name Date
established 		Description
Georgia Tbilisi Lugar Enquiry Center The construction of the centre was launched in 2004 based on agreements signed between Georgia and US in 1997 and 2002. It became operational in 2013 and since 2018 has been funded past the national budget.[26]
Italy Sigonella Naval Medical Research Unit Three (NAMRU-3) 2019 Biomedical enquiry laboratory of the US Navy located in Sigonella, Italian republic. Previously information technology was located in Cairo, Egypt. NAMRU-iii is the oldest U.S. overseas military medical research facility that has remained in the same location, and one of the largest medical enquiry laboratories in the North Africa-Middle East region. The laboratory has been in continuous operation despite periods of political tension and a 7-year lapse in U.S.-Egyptian relations (1967–1973) since 1942.
Italy Padova Academy of Padua, Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Oncologiche eastward Gastroenterologiche Manipulation of biological agents of risk group 3. Information technology is besides accredited by the Ministry of Health for the apply of genetically modified microorganisms of classes i, 2 and three.[27]
Ukraine Odessa 2010[28] Constructed by Black & Veatch under the DTRA "to renovate a decades-erstwhile facility into a land-of-the-art diagnostics laboratory that will become the nexus of Ukraine'due south biosurveillance network... Ukrainian personnel in molecular diagnostics, biosafety, operations and maintenance, and laboratory management techniques" were trained over three years from 2010 to "provide Ukrainian scientists with the necessary resource to manage the BSL-3 laboratory and the Ukrainian biosurveillance system."[28]
United States Montgomery, Alabama Agency of Clinical Laboratories Determines whether a suspicious sample is a select agent[29]
The states Birmingham, Alabama Southeastern Biosafety Laboratory, Academy of Alabama-Birmingham 2009 Study includes tuberculosis agents, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus[29]
U.s. Birmingham, Alabama Southern Research Establish 1941 Animal laboratory with droplets inhalation suite used to test vaccine and drug effectiveness[29]
Us Mobile, Alabama Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, University of S Alabama Registered to work with Rickettsia prowazekii and Burkholderia[29]
United states Anchorage, Alaska Alaska State Public Health Laboratories Used to discover tuberculosis, botulism, brucellosis, and tularemia[29]
United States Phoenix, Arizona Arizona Country Public Health Laboratory Used when working with infectious agents that may cause affliction when inhaled[29]
The states Flagstaff, Arizona Northern Arizona University Studies anthrax, plague, tularemia, brucellosis, Q fever, valley fever, tuberculosis, melioidosis, and glanders[29]
United States Tempe, Arizona Arizona State Academy Infectious disease research to develop vaccines and therapeutics[29]
United states Tucson, Arizona University of Arizona Develop vaccines to prevent valley fever in humans and dogs[29]
Usa Davis, California University of California Davis
U.s.a. Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Michigan Medical School 2020 Research is currently limited to projects related to SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[xxx]

Listing of BSL-four facilities [edit]

According to a U.S. Government Accountability Role (GAO) study published on four October 2007, a full of one,356 CDC/USDA registered BSL-3 facilities were identified throughout the United States.[31] Approximately 36% of these laboratories are located in academia. 15 BSL-four facilities were identified in the U.S. in 2007, including nine at federal labs.[31]

The post-obit is a list of existing BSL-4 facilities worldwide.

Country Location Name Date
established 		Description
Argentina Buenos Aires National Service of Healthcare and Agriculture Quality (SENASA) Diagnostic laboratory for foot-and-rima oris disease.[32]
Commonwealth of australia Geelong, Victoria Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness 1985 Capable of housing from large experimental animals to insects under conditions that exceed all BSL iv requirements. The antecedent of all such facilities developed since the 1980s. Arguably the well-nigh researched design and construction project ever. The ACDP is subdivided into a number of isolation zones that tin can be managed at differing containment levels meantime. CSIRO AAHL Project Manager and Architect, William Curnow, provided technical reviews to Canadian, Indian, UK and French Authorities and consulted with Dr Jerry Callis [PIADC] to United nations FAO on matters of bio-containment. Formerly known as the Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) and renamed to Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness Apr 2020
Melbourne, Victoria University of Melbourne – Doherty Found for Infection and Immunity 2014 Diagnostic reference lab.[33] [34]
National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.[35]
Belarus Minsk Republican Research and Applied Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology (RPPCM) Formerly the SRIEM.[36]
Brazil Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais (Lanagro/MG) 2014 Focus on Agropecuary diseases and diagnostics.[37]
Canada Winnipeg, Manitoba National Microbiology Laboratory 1999[38] Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Man and Animal Health, information technology is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.[39]
Communist china Wuhan, Hubei Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 2015 Wuhan Institute of Virology has existed since 1956 and already hosted BSL-iii laboratories. A BSL-4 facility was completed in 2015, and became the outset BSL-4 laboratory in Communist china.[40]
Harbin, Heilongjiang Harbin Veterinarian Inquiry Found of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 2018 Harbin Veterinary Inquiry Institute researches prevention and control of major infectious diseases. China's second, and the first for large animals, BSL-4 lab.[41]
Czech Republic Těchonín, Pardubice Region Biological Defense Middle 1971, rebuilt 2003–2007 Hospital and research facility. Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Middle). Operated by Army of the Czech Republic.[42]
France Brétigny-sur-Orge, Essonne French Armed Biomedical Research Establish, French Defence Health Service French Army laboratory.[43]
Lyon, Metropolis of Lyon Jean Mérieux BSL-4 Laboratory 1999 Built and owned by the Fondation Mérieux. Since 2004, operated past INSERM.[44]
Vert-le-Petit, Essonne Laboratoire de la DGA 2013 Operated by the Ministry of Defense.[45]
Gabon Franceville, Haut-Ogooué Province Heart International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville This facility is operated by a research organization supported past both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).[46]
Deutschland Berlin Robert Koch Plant 2015 Diagnostic and experimental lab facility.[47]
Hamburg Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine 2014 Part of the Leibniz Center Infection. National reference lab for tropical viruses.[48]
Island of Riems, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Friedrich Loeffler Institute 2010 Focus on brute viral diseases and diagnostics.[49]
Marburg, Hesse Philipps Academy of Marburg 2008 Focuses on hemorrhagic fever viruses.[fifty]
Republic of hungary Budapest National Center for Epidemiology 1998 Division of Virology operates three WHO National Reference Laboratories. The BSL-4 biosafety laboratory provides a modernistic means to process dangerous imported zoonotic viral pathogens.[51]
Pécs University of Pécs 2016 Opened in 2016, role of "Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont".
Bharat Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh High Security Animate being Disease Laboratory (HSADL) 1998 This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious illness threats.[52]
Hyderabad, Telangana Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology 2009 National BSL-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases.[53]
Pune, Maharashtra National Establish of Virology 2012 India'south nigh advanced BSL-iv category lab.[54]
Italy Rome, Lazio Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive 1997 The "National Establish of Infectious Diseases" used to operate inside the Lazzaro Spallanzani hospital; the facility is at present independent and is domicile to five BSL-3 labs besides as a single BSL-4 laboratory, which was completed in 1997.[55]
Milan, Lombardy Ospedale Luigi Sacco 2006
Nippon Musashimurayama, Tokyo National Institute for Infectious Diseases 2015 Located at National Establish for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I. Congenital in 1981; operated at BSL-3 until 2015 due to opposition from nearby residents.[56]
Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) 1984 Facility completed in 1984 but not operated as BSL-4 due to local opposition.[57]
Philippines New Clark City, Capas, Tarlac Virology Found of the Philippines 2024 (expected) Kickoff BSL-4 Lab in the Philippines when completed.[58]
Russian federation Sergiyev Posad, Moscow Oblast 48th Central Scientific Research Constitute Sergiev Posad[36]
Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast Country Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR) Ane of two WHO-canonical facilities for piece of work on variola virus (AKA smallpox).[xx]
Singapore Singapore DSO National Laboratories Stop-2025 (expected) Starting time BSL-4 Lab in Singapore when completed.[59]
Southward Africa Johannesburg, Gauteng National Institute for Communicable diseases 2002 [sixty]
South korea Cheongju, N Chungcheong Province Korea Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention 2017 Offset BSL-4 Lab in Republic of korea.[61] [62]
Sweden Solna, Stockholm County Public Health Agency of Sweden 2001 The just BSL-4 facility in the Nordic region. Constructed for research and diagnostics of hemorrhagic fever viruses.[63]
Switzerland Geneva, County of Geneva University Infirmary of Geneva "Glove box" type laboratory; primarily for treatment clinical samples.[64]
Spiez, Canton of Bern Spiez Laboratory 2013 Run past the Federal Office for Ceremonious Protection of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports.[65]
Mittelhäusern, Canton of Bern The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI[66] Part of the Food Prophylactic and Veterinary Office (FSVO).[67] Primary purpose is diagnostics of highly pathogenic viruses.[65]
Commonwealth of Communist china (Taiwan) National Defense Academy Institute of Preventive Medicine 1983 [68]
Taipei, Taiwan Kwen-yang Laboratory [1]
United kingdom Camden, Greater London Francis Crick Institute 2015 Has BSL-iv space but does not work on homo pathogens.[69]
Colindale, Greater London Public Health England's Center for Infections Section of Health laboratory. Diagnostics for various viral diseases.[lxx] Role of the European Network of Biosafety-Level-four Laboratories.[71]
Mill Colina, Greater London National Institute for Medical Research Medical Research Council laboratory. Research and diagnostics for highly pathogenic viruses. Airtight in 2017 and piece of work moved to the Francis Crick Found. Site demolished in 2018.[70]
Potters Bar, Hertfordshire National Establish for Biological Standards and Control Section of Health and Dwelling Office laboratory. Develop assays and reagents for research on virulent pathogens.[lxx]
Addlestone, Surrey Beast and Constitute Health Agency Department for Surroundings, Food and Rural Affairs laboratory. Diagnostics and research for beast diseases.[lxx]
Pirbright, Surrey Institute for Animal Wellness Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council laboratory. Research on highly pathogenic beast diseases.[lxx]
Merial Brute Health Individual lab. Produces vaccines against pes and oral fissure disease and bluetongue disease.[70]
Porton Down, Wiltshire Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response Section of Health laboratory. Diagnostics and research for haemorrhagic fever viruses.[70] Part of the European Network of Biosafety-Level-4 Laboratories.[71]
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Ministry building of Defence force laboratory. Focuses on protection from biological weapons.[70]
U.s. Fort Collins, Colorado Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Diseases A BSL 3/4 facility that operates in connection with some of Colorado State University's biomedical research programs. The location specializes in arboviral and bacterial diseases.[72]
Atlanta, Georgia Centers for Illness Command and Prevention Currently operates in 2 buildings. One of two facilities in the earth that officially hold smallpox.[20]
Georgia State University 1997 Research focus on B virus.[73]
Manhattan, Kansas National Bio and Agro-Defence Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University 2022 (expected) Nether structure. Facility to be operated past the Section of Homeland Security, and supervene upon the Plum Island Beast Disease Center. Expected to be operational by 2022–2023.[74]
Bethesda, Maryland National Institutes of Health (NIH) Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-three agents.[75]
Fort Detrick, Maryland Integrated Research Facility Operated past National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Focuses on animal models of homo diseases.[76]
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center Operated by the Section of Homeland Security. Focus on potential bioterrorism threats.[77]
US Ground forces Medical Research Constitute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) 1969 Run by the U.South. Ground forces. Research focuses on biological threats to the U.S. military.[78] [79]
Boston, Massachusetts National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University Built 2008, Opened 2012,[80] BSL-4 Blessing in 2017[81] Focus on potential threats to public wellness.[82]
Hamilton, Montana Rocky Mountain Laboratories Integrated Enquiry Facility 2008 NIAID laboratory. Focus on vector-borne diseases.[83]
Galveston, Texas Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[84]
Shope Laboratory 2004 Operated by the Academy of Texas Medical Branch.[85]
San Antonio, Texas Texas Biomedical Research Institute 1999 The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US.[86]
Richmond, Virginia Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratories 2003 A BSL-4 lab that also acts as a BSL-iii lab.[87]

Safety concerns [edit]

A North Carolina Mosquito & Vector Control Clan (NCMVCA) study highlighted prophylactic concerns. In the The states, laboratories tin exist funded by federal, state, private, non-profit, or academically. The last accounts for 72% of the funding.[88]

High-containment labs that are registered with the Centers for Disease Command and Prevention (CDC) and the U.Southward. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Select Agent Program must attach to Department of Defense standards.[89] Since BSL3 and 4 laboratories in the United States are regulated past either the CDC or USDA or some other federal agency (depending on the pathogens they handle), no single federal agency is responsible for regulating or tracking the number of these labs.[90] U.South. high-containment laboratories that handle pathogens which are declared as "select agents" must be inspected periodically by the CDC or USDA, adhere to sure standards, and maintain ongoing education on biosecurity and biosafety policies as mandated by law.[91] [92]

Meet also [edit]

  • Aeromedical Isolation Team
  • Biosafety
  • Biocontainment
  • Biological chance
  • Hazmat suit
  • Interplanetary contamination
  • Laboratory Response Network
  • List of laboratory biosecurity incidents
  • Condom engineering
  • Security engineering
  • Select agent

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories CDC
  • Federation of American Scientists: Biosafety Level iii and 4 Labs

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level

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